Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change

Sir Nicholas Stern, Head of the Government Economic Service and Adviser to the Government on the economics of climate change and development, is delighted to present his report to the Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer on the Economics of Climate Change:

• Full report
• Executive Summary and Executive Summary in other languages
• Postscript and Technical Annex to postscript
• Launch Press notice , Comments on the Review , launch presentation and speaking notes
• Supporting commissioned research
• Background to the Review
• Presentations by Sir Nicholas Stern

The Stern team has moved to the Office of Climate Change. Publications posted after the Stern Review including the series of papers printed in the World Economics Journal, are now available on the Stern team page on the Office of Climate Change website .

Siemens AG's $1.6 Billion Penalty for Bribing Foreign Officials is a Warning to the International Energy Industry

Via Renewable Energy World:
Seattle, WA and Boise, ID
6 January 2009

For over 30 years, companies operating in the global energy arena have had to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA"). During the past 10 years, other countries have enacted their own versions of the FCPA. International energy companies that have thus far discounted or ignored these anti-corruption laws recently received a $1.6 billion warning from the U.S. and German governments.

The FCPA prohibits companies (both private and publicly traded) and individuals from paying or promising to pay foreign officials (defined broadly), directly or indirectly, anything of value with the corrupt intent of obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also mandates internal accounting controls and record-keeping practices aimed at preventing and detecting illegal bribes. The penalties for FCPA violations are stiff. Companies may face criminal fines of up to $2 million per violation, civil penalties of up to $10,000 per violation, and disgorgement of any benefit the company received by the violation. Individuals face criminal fines of up to $100,000 or imprisonment for not more than five years, or both, per violation, and civil penalties of up to $10,000 per violation. Companies may also be prevented from participating in U.S. government procurement and contracting programs. On December 15, 2008, Siemens AG, a German conglomerate company, and three of its subsidiaries ("Siemens"), pled guilty in U.S. federal court to violating the FCPA. As part of its settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice ("DOJ") and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), Siemens agreed to pay a $450 million criminal penalty and to disgorge $350 million in wrongful profits. On the same day, Siemens announced an agreement with German prosecutors to pay a €395 million ($569 million) fine for violating Germany’s anticorruption laws, adding to the €201 million ($285 million) that a Munich court sentenced Siemens to pay in October 2007. The $1.6 billion penalty Siemens must pay U.S. and German authorities is roughly 35 times larger than any previous anticorruption settlement. This staggering figure does not include the €850 million ($1.2 billion) Siemens has reportedly paid to attorneys, accountants, and other service providers to deal with its global bribery scandal since late 2006. Nor does it include the significant sums Siemens must pay an outside FCPA compliance monitor for the next four years as part of its settlement with the DOJ and the SEC. Wakeup Call for the Global Energy IndustryU.S. authorities estimate that Siemens paid $1.4 billion in bribes to foreign officials in Asia, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and the Americas, and that a significant portion of this illegal activity occurred in the energy industry. Indeed, starting in 2001, Siemens’ Power Generation and Power Transmission and Distribution divisions paid at least $356.9 million in bribes to foreign officials in multiple countries. In recent years, once the DOJ and the SEC have learned of one company’s violation of the FCPA, they have increasingly expanded the scope of their investigation to include other players operating in that industry. The business of energy companies is highly dependent on the discretion of governmental agencies (including development banks, which qualify as "foreign officials" under the FCPA). Siting, permitting, environmental review and enforcement, local community support, responding to RFPs, negotiating and performing under power purchase agreements, conducting project build-out, establishing generation interconnections and transmission tie-ins, obtaining transmission services, obtaining subsidies or tax advantages, and complying with safety and antitrust requirements: all of these aspects of an international energy company’s business, as well as other operations, often involve the discretion of a foreign official. Some of these officials expect bribes from companies (or third parties engaged by companies) in exchange for favorable treatment. The DOJ’s and the SEC’s discovery of Siemens’ corrupt activities has cast a bright spotlight over the global energy industry, making it especially fertile territory for industrywide FCPA dragnets. Lessons Learned from the Siemens Case Siemens paid massive fines for violating the FCPA’s accounting and record-keeping provisions, demonstrating the importance of a robust compliance program. The Siemens settlement provides many additional lessons and reminders for energy companies, including:

	•	Vicarious Liability for Third Parties: Siemens’ foreign business consultants played a significant role in bribing foreign officials to secure business advantages in the energy industry. The FCPA can leave companies and individuals vicariously liable for the conduct of third parties, like consultants, distributors, and sales agents, even if the company lacks actual knowledge of their wrongdoing. Accordingly, the mere failure to recognize and investigate a foreign business consultant’s suspicious activities may expose a company to FCPA liability. Such vicarious liability makes it especially important for companies to (1) conduct due diligence on their potential business consultants; (2) include FCPA-specific representations, warranties, covenants, audit rights, and termination rights in all business consultant contracts; and (3) train employees on how to recognize the red flags associated with business consultants’ unsavory activities and report these red flags to management. Even compliance-conscious energy companies can become entangled in FCPA enforcement actions if they do not have robust compliance programs that are tailored to specific industries and geographic locales.
	•	Tone at the Top: The DOJ and the SEC have publicly criticized Siemens’ senior management for tacitly condoning bribery of foreign officials as a legitimate business strategy. Both agencies have also acknowledged an intention to pursue FCPA criminal penalties (which could include jail time) against Siemens executives, employees, and consultants who participated in the bribery schemes. In short, Siemens lacked the necessary "tone at the top" to foster a culture of FCPA compliance within the company. Companies can take a crucial first step toward avoiding this scenario by working with their attorneys to draft a clearly articulated policy against FCPA violations. This policy should highlight prohibited behavior, accommodate employees who blow the whistle on compliance violations, and set forth disciplinary procedures to address such violations.
	•	Internal Accounting Controls: The DOJ and the SEC based their charges against Siemens almost exclusively on the FCPA’s accounting and record-keeping provisions. Siemens’ subsidiaries attempted to cover up bribes by routing the money through slush funds or intercompany accounts and recording the illegal payments with misleading labels like "commissions." To avoid illegal accounting tactics, businesses should centralize their accounting systems to ensure corporate headquarters review all foreign financial transactions. Careful analysis of the financial records of employees and business partners abroad can enable businesses to quickly detect and eliminate conduct prohibited under the FCPA.
	•	FCPA’s Jurisdictional Scope: Siemens is a German corporation with its principal place of business in Germany, and many of the bribes it paid abroad did not implicate U.S. territory in any way. Nevertheless, Siemens is subject to the FCPA because it has listed its securities on the New York Stock Exchange since 2001 and, therefore, qualifies as an "issuer" under the FCPA. Moreover, in many instances, Siemens routed bribes through U.S.-based banks, providing the U.S. government with an additional jurisdictional basis for pursuing Siemens under the FCPA. These facts serve as a reminder of the FCPA’s sweeping jurisdictional reach. All U.S. companies with international operations—and many non-U.S. companies—have FCPA liability exposure.
	•	Cross-Border Enforcement: The cooperation exhibited in the Siemens case between the DOJ and the SEC, on the one hand, and the German enforcement agencies, on the other, is a noteworthy development in cross-border FCPA enforcement. Companies should recognize that the DOJ, the SEC, and their foreign counterparts share FCPA-related information about the non-U.S. operations of companies subject to the FCPA.
	•	Cooperation with Government Investigations: The DOJ and the SEC have indicated that Siemens’ total FCPA penalty could have been considerably larger than $800 million. Indeed, application of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines would have resulted in an FCPA criminal fine of between $1.35 and $2.7 billion. Due to Siemens’ "exceptional" cooperation with the U.S. government’s investigation and demonstrated commitment to remediating its operations, however, the DOJ and the SEC exhibited leniency. Siemens’ strategy of cooperating with authorities, rather than attempting to stonewall them, provides a model for future targets of FCPA enforcement actions. For more information, contact Ashley Henry, Energy Industry Liaison, 503-294-9506, ahenry@stoel.com

For Further Information

• Energy Law Alert
• Stoel Rives LLP
• Renewable + Law Blog

Cleantech VC investments hit record high in 2008

Via EE Times Europe
8 Jan 2009

Clean technology venture capital (VC) investments last year in North America, Europe, China and India totaled a record $8.4 billion, up 38 percent from $6.1 billion in 2007. Three of the top five funding rounds focused on thin-film solar ventures.

The 2008 total represents the seventh consecutive year of growth in clean technology venture investing, according to the Cleantech Group which tracks the sector.

"As expected, clean technology venture investing slowed in Q4 08, but it is important not to miss the forest for the trees," said Nicholas Parker, executive chairman, Cleantech Group. "In 2008, there was a quantum leap in talent, resources and institutional appetite for clean technologies. Now, more than ever, clean technologies represent the biggest opportunities for job and wealth creation."

Preliminary results for Q4 08 suggest venture investment commitments worldwide of $1.7 billion across 99 disclosed investments, the smallest quarterly total in six quarters. Q4 08 was down 35 percent from Q3 08, but only 4 percent off what was achieved in Q4 07, despite a much more difficult economy.

Solar accounted for almost 40 percent ($3.3 billion) of total clean technology investment dollars in 2008, followed by biofuels at 11 percent ($904 million) and 9.5 percent, or $795 million in ventures focusing on transportation, which includes electric vehicles, fuel cells and advanced batteries.

Regional share
The five largest VC rounds in 2008 included $300 million raised by NanoSolar, $219 million by Solyndra and $200 million by SoloPower, all U.S. companies and all for thin-film solar ventures, followed by $177 million raised by Finnish group WinWinD Oy for wind turbines and $140 million by U.S. group Solar Reserve for concentrated solar thermal.

European and Israeli companies raised $1.8 billion in 146 disclosed rounds, up 43 percent from 2007. Europe and Israel accounted for 21 percent of the global total.

The most significant country growth was seen in Germany ($383 million invested, an increase of 217 percent from 2007) and Israel ($247 million invested, an increase of 224 percent from 2007), both led by very large solar deals.

Germany overtook the United Kingdom as the country receiving the most venture capital in 2008, helped significantly by the region's largest deal of 2008, the $133.7 million investment in Berlin-based solar thin-film manufacturer Sulfurcell Solartechnik.

The United Kingdom's decline in total investment ($337.8 million, down 11 percent from 2007) left it second in the country league table, with Israel moving into third place from sixth in 2007.

In 2008, U.S. companies raised $5.8 billion in 241 disclosed rounds, up 56 percent from 2007. U.S. companies accounted for 68 percent of the global total. Canadian companies raised $159 million in 14 disclosed rounds, down 58 percent from 2007.

Chinese cleantech companies raised $430 million in 18 disclosed rounds last year, up 22 percent from 2007.

China accounted for 5 percent of the global total, and the country saw steady gains in clean technology investment, with solar accounting for 60 percent of the total, reflecting the continuing migration of solar module manufacturing from Europe and the United States to China.

- John Walko